Radiation is defined as the transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or rapidly moving particles. Essentially, radiation is defined as the process of energy emission and transport in a medium. With the increasing use of radiation in various fields, the harmful effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on human health have become apparent over time. In particular, for ionizing radiation to cause biological damage in a living organism, the radiation energy must be absorbed by the cell. This absorption results in ionization and excitation in the target molecules. These ionizations, which are the initiating events for subsequent biological damage, can cause breaks in the DNA strands carrying the cell's genetic information and the production of chemical toxins within the cell. Today, radiation plays a vital role in diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment in medical applications. This vital process is meticulously regulated by transmembrane proteins called ion channels, which allow the selective passage of ions across the cell membrane. These proteins play a role in most physiological processes, including the electrical excitability of heart and neuronal cells, cell growth and proliferation, and hormone secretion. Deficiencies in the normal functioning of these channels are considered disorders that negatively affect life. Among ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels stand out in particular. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to scientists who elucidated the molecular basis for sensing heat, cold, pain, and mechanical force. This was for their work on the TRPV1 channel within the TRP ion channel family in the cell membrane. Future research on ion channels will pave the way for understanding the biological effects of radiation and discovering new drugs to counter these effects.