This article examines the issues associated with physics education, discussing which barriers affect physics learning and how effective physics teaching is possible. The first part addresses two problems that prevent students from succeeding in physics class. This section provides an explanation of the underrepresented and female student participation and retention within science, technology, engineering and mathematics related disciplines, especially in the field of physics. The second part emphasizes the importance of knowledge and pedagogy to be used in physics teaching and describes the characteristics of effective physics teaching. The final section makes recommendations for the training and development of physics teachers and instructors, with the aim of increasing the participation and retention of diverse students.