Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and multifactorial joint disease characterized by cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and synovial inflammation. OA is now understood to be a dynamic disease fueled by inflammatory mediators, catabolic enzymes, and cellular death, rather than a straightforward "wear and tear" ailment. These processes affect the synovium, joint capsule, and periarticular tissues in addition to speeding up the breakdown of cartilage, which eventually results in pain, stiffness, and impaired function. Traditional treatment approaches continue to be primarily palliative, providing brief respite without altering the course of the illness. Regenerative methods are becoming more and more popular as viable substitutes for both human and veterinary patients in recent years.

Biological products produced from blood, including autologous conditioned serum (ACS), autologous protein solution (APS), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), have shown promising outcomes. In order to promote chondrocyte activity, extracellular matrix formation, angiogenesis, and mesenchymal stem cell activation, PRP and PRF mainly work by supplying platelets, growth factors, and cytokines. ACS and APS, on the other hand, reduce pain and restore joint homeostasis by targeting inflammatory pathways, namely by regulation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). According to preclinical and clinical research, these products may help with both structural and symptom alleviation, particularly in cases of early to moderate OA.

Notwithstanding encouraging results, variations in product composition, treatment regimens, and preparation techniques restrict standardization and make cross-study comparisons more difficult. Nonetheless, blood-derived products provide OA patients enhanced function and quality of life by combining regeneration potential with symptom control, making them a valuable biological therapy.