The auditory system is one of the most fundamental sensory systems that enables individuals to perceive, interpret, and communicate environmental sounds. It plays a critical role in human life, particularly in language development, social interaction, and learning processes. The healthy functioning of the auditory system directly impacts not only an individual's interaction with the environment but also their cognitive functions (Moore, 2012).

The auditory system is generally divided into two main sections: the peripheral auditory system (external ear, middle ear, inner ear, and auditory nerve) and the central auditory system (cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body). The journey of sound waves from the ear to the auditory cortex in the brain is the result of complex anatomical and physiological processes. A detailed examination of these processes allows for both the understanding of normal hearing and the evaluation of pathological conditions (Pickles, 2013). The auditory system is not only considered anatomically and physiologically, but also regulates higher-level auditory processing processes such as speech discrimination, orientation, auditory attention, memory, and auditory cognition. Therefore, the auditory system is not merely an anatomical structure but should be considered as a holistic neurosensory network that has profound effects on language development, communication, social participation, and cognitive functions.

The importance of hearing screening programs lies in the early diagnosis of hearing loss. Impairments in the auditory system can negatively impact language development and academic achievement, especially in childhood (Yoshinaga-Itano, 2003). Therefore, understanding the structure and functioning of the auditory system is a fundamental step both in clinical practice and in the development of multidisciplinary hearing screening programs.

This chapter will discuss the anatomy, physiology, developmental characteristics, and fundamental mechanisms related to hearing physiology. This will establish the scientific basis for multidisciplinary approaches in hearing screening programs.