This chapter examines agile management approaches and organizational flexibility from a comprehensive theoretical perspective, emphasizing their critical role in enabling organizations to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in environments characterized by uncertainty, speed, and complexity. In the context of accelerating globalization, digitalization, and technological transformation, organizations are increasingly required not only to adapt to environmental changes but also to anticipate, shape, and strategically leverage them. Accordingly, the chapter reviews the historical evolution of agile management, tracing its development from agile manufacturing to organizational, strategic, and digital agility. It further discusses the theoretical foundations of agile management by linking it to open systems theory, contingency theory, the resource-based view, dynamic capabilities, and learning organization perspectives.

The second part of the chapter focuses on organizational flexibility, conceptualizing it as a multidimensional organizational capability encompassing structural, strategic, human resource, and process flexibility. These dimensions are examined in relation to agile management, highlighting how flexibility serves as a foundational condition for the effective and sustainable implementation of agile practices. In addition, the chapter reviews key approaches to measuring organizational flexibility and discusses scale development and adaptation studies in both international and Turkish literature, emphasizing recent contributions that enhance the validity and reliability of flexibility measurement in different cultural contexts. Finally, the antecedents and outcomes of organizational flexibility are analyzed, demonstrating its positive effects on organizational agility, innovation, resilience, performance, and long-term competitiveness. The study aims to provide organizations, researchers, and practitioners with a strong theoretical framework for navigating environments characterized by change and uncertainty by emphasizing that agile management and organizational flexibility are complementary dynamic capabilities.