Urological complications are frequently encountered in neurosurgical practice and may arise from the patient’s underlying neurological pathology, the surgical approach employed, or the course of postoperative treatment and follow-up. Urethral injuries, obstruction, and infections related to Foley catheterization represent the most common complications observed in neurosurgical patients. During anterior and lateral lumbar surgical approaches, the close anatomical proximity of the ureter to the operative field may lead to unrecognized injuries, resulting in serious clinical consequences such as loss of renal function and sepsis. Retrograde ejaculation, which is often seen following anterior spinal surgical procedures, constitutes an important functional complication that can significantly affect patients’ quality of life.

Neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury is another complex condition encountered in neurosurgical practice and may present with urinary retention, elevated intravesical pressure, recurrent infections, and long-term renal impairment. The high frequency and potential severity of these complications highlight the importance of early diagnosis, regular follow-up, and proactive management strategies. A multidisciplinary approach plays a critical role in reducing morbidity and improving long-term patient outcomes.