Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly through machine learning and deep learning methods, has been gaining increasing importance in the field of medicine. It has also begun to be applied in radiation oncology. The majority of existing publications in this field focus on the applications of AI in external beam radiotherapy, while its role in brachytherapy has been investigated to a much lesser extent. In this section, the current applications of AI in brachytherapy and its potential future roles will be discussed.

It has been demonstrated that AI-based tools can provide benefits at nearly all stages of the brachytherapy process, from patient selection and treatment planning to workflow optimization and treatment delivery. The use of AI reduces inter-operator variability and shortens procedure times, thereby enabling more standardized, accurate, and efficient treatment plans. In addition to its direct functional contributions, AI-driven advances in imaging and related scientific fields further enhance the effectiveness of brachytherapy applications.

In recent years, global interest in brachytherapy has resurged; one contributing factor is that modern external radiotherapy techniques, such as IMRT and stereotactic radiotherapy, cannot fully replicate the unique geometric advantages and high conformality of brachytherapy. Initiatives by international professional societies aimed at increasing education and awareness have also supported this revival. The integration of AI into routine clinical practice may further strengthen these developments by simplifying workflows and reducing the workload of clinicians.

Despite this potential, the available evidence is limited by small patient cohorts and short study durations. The need for continuous algorithm refinement, robust validation in large populations, and the fact that ultimate responsibility for treatment safety remains with clinicians are important considerations. Larger-scale, prospective, multicenter studies are required to determine the extent to which AI will advance brachytherapy practice and its clinical acceptance.