This book chapter comprehensively examines the neurobiological foundations of music and its effects on brain structure and function. It explores the evolutionary origins of music, its role in cognitive and emotional processes, and the mechanisms by which it supports neuroplasticity. The chapter highlights how music engages the limbic system, modulates reward and motivation centers, and contributes to therapeutic and educational applications. Particularly, music education is emphasized as having the capacity to induce long-term structural and functional changes in the brain, supporting cognitive, emotional, and social development in both children and adults. Early childhood music education is identified as a critical tool for accelerating language development, enhancing inter-hemispheric communication, and promoting neurocognitive growth. Consequently, music is not only an aesthetic form of expression but also a multidimensional biological and cognitive tool that facilitates neurological and psychological development. This perspective underscores the scientific basis for the integration of music into therapeutic interventions and educational programs, highlighting its significant potential for fostering lifelong cognitive and emotional benefits.