Plastic pollution is one of the greatest environmental problems of the 21st century. Especially during the pandemic, biomedical plastic products such as gloves and masks, which were used uncontrollably, caused serious environmental pollution by mixing into water and terrestrial ecosystems because they were not disposed of properly.  In recent years, the excessive use of plastics due to population growth has caused microplastic pollution in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Microplastic pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental problem affecting soil, water, and insect ecosystems. The widespread presence of microplastics poses a threat to food safety and human health by leaching into agricultural soils, making it an urgent environmental problem on a global scale. Their exceptional durability and resistance to biological degradation contribute to their persistent presence in agricultural soils. Microplastics in soil can disrupt microbial communities by releasing toxic additives into the soil. They can also cause physiological and/or mechanical damage to human health by disrupting fundamental soil functions such as the nutrient cycle. Furthermore, microplastics have the potential to accumulate and be transported within plants, significantly affecting plant growth. This study examines the sources of microplastic pollution and its impact on human health through ecosystems, agricultural soil, and the food chain, focusing on the process by which plastics—widely used today—break down into microplastics. It presents effective recommendations for preventing microplastic pollution. To prevent microplastic residues in agricultural soils, the study emphasizes the need to reduce plastic material use as much as possible, promote biodegradable and environmentally friendly alternatives, raise public awareness to improve waste management, support the recycling process, adopt sustainable agricultural practices, and implement soil improvement techniques. It is vital to propose and implement appropriate regulations to reduce the formation and presence of microplastics in the environment.