Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide and leads to high mortality rates, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The primary cause of the cancer is high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is mostly sexually transmitted. Although the infection is often cleared by the immune system, persistent infection can result in precancerous lesions and, over time, progress to cervical cancer. The development of cervical cancer typically spans several years. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, but subtypes such as adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma also exist.

Because the disease often remains asymptomatic in its early stages, regular screening tests (Pap smear and HPV DNA test) are crucial for early detection. The diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy methods. Treatment options vary depending on the stage and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

HPV vaccination is among the most effective preventive methods against cervical cancer. In Turkey, it has been announced that the HPV vaccine will be offered free of charge by public health services. During this process, midwives play a critical role in raising public awareness, guiding individuals toward screening, and supporting vaccination efforts.