This article provides a comprehensive scientific perspective on sports psychology, meticulously charting its historical trajectory, examining its diverse theoretical underpinnings, and detailing its evidence-based practical applications. The paper begins by tracing the discipline's evolution from its nascent stages in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to its current status as a sophisticated, multidisciplinary field. It highlights pivotal moments and foundational research that shaped sports psychology's scientific identity, emphasizing the shift towards rigorous empirical methodologies.

Subsequently, the article delves into the core theoretical paradigms that inform contemporary practice, including but not limited to cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, social-cognitive, and ecological approaches. Each theoretical lens is critically analyzed for its explanatory power regarding psychological factors influencing athletic performance and well-being. The final section transitions to the practical dimension, showcasing evidence-based interventions designed to optimize performance, foster resilience, and promote mental health in athletes. Specific techniques such as mental skills training (e.g., imagery, self-talk, arousal regulation), goal setting, stress management, and team building are discussed in detail, grounded in empirical research. The paper advocates for an integrated approach, underscoring the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration for advancing both the scientific rigor and applied efficacy of sports psychology.