Epigenetics has emerged as a fundamental driving force behind plant adaptation, development, and resilience. This section examines the fundamental mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-mediated pathways, and their roles in seed development, flowering, fruit ripening, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We emphasize how these processes contribute to plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses and create both transient and transgenerational stress memories. Beyond fundamental biology, this section highlights the agricultural applications of epigenetics. Epigenetic diversity contributes to crop domestication, epiQTL mapping enables new marker-assisted breeding strategies, and emerging epigenome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/dCas9-based tools) allow for targeted, reversible manipulation of gene expression. We also discuss external interventions shaping the epigenetic landscape in agricultural ecosystems, such as stress preparedness and plant-microbe interactions. Looking ahead, the integration of epigenomics into breeding processes, supported by high-throughput sequencing and machine learning approaches, appears poised to accelerate the development of climate-resilient crops. At the same time, significant challenges remain, including the context-dependence and stability of epigenetic marks, as well as ethical and ecological concerns related to epigenome editing. Overall, epigenetics offers a powerful framework linking plant biology and agriculture, providing deeper insights into adaptation processes in the face of global climate change and practical strategies for sustainable food production.