Plants are constantly exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle. Among the major abiotic stress factors that limit yield and quality in agricultural production, temperature fluctuations, drought, soil salinity, and low-temperature conditions are particularly prominent. These adverse environmental factors not only reduce crop yield but also significantly decrease the economic and nutritional value of plant production. Owing to their high adaptability and defensive capacity, plants have evolved versatile response mechanisms to withstand these challenges. In addition to genetic regulation, epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling play a critical role in ensuring plant survival and sustained growth under stress conditions. Epigenetic regulation enables the dynamic control of gene expression in response to environmental cues, thereby facilitating rapid, flexible, and heritable responses to stress factors. Each type of abiotic stress shapes unique epigenetic responses in plants, underscoring the multilayered and complex nature of stress adaptation. For instance, the activation of genes enhancing water retention capacity under drought conditions or the epigenetic control of ion homeostasis pathways under salinity stress represent fundamental adaptive strategies that strengthen plant tolerance. This review highlights the pivotal role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping adaptive responses of plants to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, it discusses the new perspectives brought into plant stress biology by recent research findings on epigenetic regulation. These insights provide a strong scientific foundation for the development of innovative and sustainable agricultural strategies aimed at breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties in the future.