Lumbar disc herniation surgery is generally safe, but intraoperative and postoperative complications still determine functional outcome, medico‑legal risk, and patient satisfaction. Over the last decade, the spectrum of techniques—from conventional open and microscopic discectomy to tubular microendoscopic and full‑endoscopic procedures—has expanded, as have anesthetic strategies ranging from general anesthesia to spinal and other regional techniques. Recent systematic reviews and large cohort series confirm that overall complication rates are low and broadly comparable across techniques, but the type and timing of complications differ between macroscopic, microscopic, and endoscopic approaches and are modulated by anesthetic choice. This chapter reviews intraoperative and postoperative complications of lumbar disc surgery across open, microscopic, and endoscopic techniques, with emphasis on literature from approximately the last five years and on series including Turkish cohorts. Practical checklists highlight key decision points in preoperative risk stratification, intraoperative prevention, and postoperative surveillance for neurosurgeons.