Traditional drug development methods have relied on 2D cell cultures and animal models, which have not been able to adequately represent human biology. Due to genetic and physiological variances in human biology, animal models cannot yield accurate results, whereas 2D cell cultures are insufficient in simulating tissue architecture and cell-to-cell interactions. These limitations have led to the development of organoid technology, which is made from stem cells and imitates the three-dimensional structure of organs. Organoids offer a strong platform for drug testing, disease mechanism modeling, and the creation of individualized treatment plans, but they have drawbacks, including long-term stability and microenvironment control. By incorporating organoids onto microchips, organ-on-a-chip technology has been created, improving biological realism and allowing us to evaluate pharmacological effects more precisely. Organ-on-chip technology replicates the microphysiological characteristics of organs on a chip by using bioengineering methods and microfluidic devices. The study of cancer is among the most notable applications of this technology. By accurately simulating the tumor microenvironment and the interactions between cancer cells and their surroundings, cancer-on-a-chip models help us comprehend the intricate nature of cancer biology. They thus offer a potent platform for the creation of fresh approaches to treatment as well as the assessment of the efficacy of current ones. These models can be used to precisely and thoroughly examine the efficacy of treatment regimens and drug combinations, especially for aggressive disease types like glioblastoma and breast cancer.

Organ-on-chip technologies have revolutionary promise for advancing tailored treatment plans, understanding the mechanisms underlying complicated diseases like cancer, and speeding up medication development. These creative methods are ground-breaking instruments that will influence contemporary medicine and improve human health in the future.