Genetic engineering and biotechnology intersect in many ways. All of these areas have been used, albeit unconsciously, since ancient times. For example, between 8000-1000 BC, people of that period crossbred animals such as horses, camels, and various plants such as corn and wheat for agriculture. People have tried to crossbreed animals and plants to get better yields. For example, they crossed a high milk yielding cow with a high hardiness cow and got more milk producing and stronger breeds. Similarly, by crossing high yielding wheat with drought tolerant wheat, more productive plant breeds that can withstand drought were obtained. Not only the ancient Romans or Greeks, but also the Indians began to conduct similar experiments. As a result of these studies, the concept of genetics emerged in the 1st century AD. Later scientific research revealed that humans are made up of sperm. In the 19th century, Mendel made important contributions and firmly established the concepts of genes and genetics. From the 19th century to the present, many studies have been conducted to develop genetic engineering and biotechnology, and it has taken its current form.

Genetic engineering has recently been studied by many scientists by blending it with other sciences. These studies include the organization of genetic material to modify many genetic characteristics that do not exist in living things or to create completely differentiated living things. In this paper, we provide a general overview of the principles that define genetic engineering, focusing on its core concepts, techniques, and applications.