Pregnancy is a critical life stage that affects maternal and fetal health through its biological, psychological, and social dimensions and therefore holds a central position in public health. The quality and continuity of health services provided during pregnancy play a decisive role in reducing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This book chapter addresses health protection and health promotion among pregnant women from a public health perspective and examines preventive approaches, health promotion strategies, and key determinants influencing maternal health in light of current evidence.

The chapter first discusses the public health approach to pregnancy and the concept of health protection, emphasizing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. The importance of preventive health services—including regular antenatal care, vaccination programs, screening tests, and individual education and counseling—is highlighted as essential for early identification and management of risks. In addition, psychosocial risk factors and their impact on pregnancy outcomes are addressed, underscoring the need for a comprehensive and holistic approach that extends beyond biomedical care.

Health promotion during pregnancy is examined within the framework of empowerment-based and behavior change–oriented approaches that support women’s active participation in health-related decision-making processes. Healthy lifestyle behaviors, psychosocial health, and mental well-being are presented as core components of health promotion in pregnancy. Evidence on the positive effects of nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and stress management is discussed, along with the role of social support, partner involvement, and psychoeducational interventions in enhancing maternal well-being.

Furthermore, the chapter highlights the alignment of health promotion in pregnancy with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to health and gender equality, emphasizing that maternal health is not only an individual concern but also a societal and global priority.