Children with special needs constitute a heterogeneous population characterized by developmental delays, neurological disorders, syndromic conditions, sensory impairments, and complex medical histories. In this group, hearing loss should be considered not only as a sensory impairment but also as a fundamental neurodevelopmental risk factor with decisive effects on language, communication, cognitive development, learning processes, and social participation. The literature shows that the prevalence of hearing loss in children with special needs is significantly higher than in their typically developing peers and that auditory problems are often attributed to primary impairments, leading to delayed diagnosis or overlooking.

This section takes a comprehensive look at the importance of hearing screening in children with special needs, the limitations of current screening approaches, and the assessment requirements specific to this population. It emphasizes that standard screening protocols are inadequate in addressing the individual and developmental differences of children with special needs; it discusses the applicability of behavioral assessment methods, the contribution of objective measurement techniques, and the necessity of multidimensional assessment models. In this context, audiological assessment technologies such as pure tone audiometry, acoustic immittance measurement, otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem responses are presented along with their application characteristics, advantages, and limitations.

In conclusion, it is emphasized that hearing screenings in children with special needs should be planned within the framework of comprehensive approaches that are sensitive to age, developmental profile, and risk factors, combine objective and subjective methods, and are supported by regular follow-up. Strengthening early diagnosis and early intervention services contributes not only to improving individual developmental outcomes but also to ensuring equal opportunities, increasing social participation, and achieving long-term public health gains.