The neonatal period is the stage of life in which the respiratory system undergoes the most rapid structural and functional changes and is most sensitive to environmental influences. During this period, factors such as prematurity, low birth weight, perinatal complications, and infections significantly increase the risk of pulmonary morbidity and mortality. Respiratory Distress Syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, transient tachypnea, meconium aspiration syndrome, and neonatal pneumonia are among the most frequently encountered respiratory problems in neonatal intensive care units. In current neonatology practice, the management of these problems is not limited to ventilation and pharmacological treatments; pulmonary rehabilitation approaches are increasingly playing an important role.

This book chapter addresses the development of the newborn's pulmonary system from the embryological period to the postnatal adaptation processes; it comprehensively examines the anatomical and physiological characteristics specific to newborns, common pulmonary pathologies, and neonatal intensive care practices. The chapter also presents non-invasive and invasive respiratory support methods, surfactant therapy, prevention of ventilator-associated lung injury, strategies to increase lung volume, and physiotherapeutic approaches to secretion management in light of current literature. Gentle chest physiotherapy techniques adapted for neonates, positioning, respiratory pattern optimization, and minimal handling principles are emphasized as key components of pulmonary rehabilitation.

Furthermore, the effects of a family-centered care approach, post-discharge home programs, and parent education on long-term respiratory health are discussed in detail. In conclusion, this chapter serves as a current and comprehensive reference source for clinicians, physiotherapists, and healthcare professionals, addressing evidence-based practices in neonatal pulmonary rehabilitation from a holistic perspective.