Public goods include goods and services that cannot be efficiently provided by the market mechanism and constitute one of the fundamental justifications for the role of the state within the economic system. Public goods are basically divided into two main groups: pure public goods, which are characterized by indivisible benefits, collective consumption, non-excludability, and the inability to be priced; and quasi-public goods, whose benefits can be divided, are open to market competition, and can be individually consumed. In this study, public goods from both categories are examined.

Studies conducted on the Turkish economy indicate that significant transformations have taken place in the production and provision of public goods, particularly in the post-2000 period. During the same period, public–private partnership models became widespread in infrastructure investments, reforms were implemented in the health and education sectors, and digital public services were developed. The aim of this study is to examine the production and financing structure of public goods in Türkiye from a public economics perspective and to analyze the economic effects of the transformation experienced over the last two decades.

Within this framework, major public service areas such as defense as a pure public good, and health, education, and digital public services as quasi-public goods are addressed. Public expenditures on defense, health, and education over the last twenty years and their shares in GDP are analyzed in light of recent data. The findings indicate that both qualitative and quantitative increases have occurred in defense, health, and education services during this period. The results also reveal that access to public services has significantly expanded, while the financing structure of public finance has become increasingly complex. Furthermore, public–private partnership models have emerged as a determining factor in infrastructure investments.