In recent years, digitalization has profoundly transformed the structure and functioning of financial systems, as well as the relationships among financial actors. In particular, financial technologies (FinTech) are redefining the long-established and conventional models of traditional banking activities. From payment systems to credit processes, and from risk analysis to data management, FinTech has enabled the emergence of new business models and alternative financial practices.

At this stage, the ongoing transformation should not merely be considered a phase of technological innovation. Rather, it has become a strategic issue in terms of maintaining financial stability, fostering fair competition, protecting consumers, and developing effective regulatory policies. In this context, the role of regulatory and supervisory authorities has become increasingly important in ensuring the security, resilience, and sustainability of financial systems.

In Türkiye, developments in the field of digital finance display distinctive characteristics shaped by the strong institutional structure of the banking sector, the significant presence of public banks within the financial system, and the active regulatory and supervisory role of relevant authorities. These dynamics have led to a unique interaction between FinTech initiatives and the traditional banking system, characterized by both cooperation and competition.

This section aims to examine the relationship between FinTech, banking, and regulation from conceptual, legal, and institutional perspectives, and to provide a comprehensive framework with a particular focus on Türkiye.