The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies has the potential to fundamentally transform the organization of global production and trade. This study aims to conceptually assess the effects of artificial intelligence on global value chains from the perspective of trade policy and competitiveness. The study first examines how artificial intelligence is restructuring production processes. With the widespread adoption of automation and intelligent manufacturing systems, it is expected that comparative advantages based on cheap labor will erode, and that "reshoring" and "friendshoring" trends - referring to the return of production to advanced economies or allied countries - will gain momentum. This transformation directly calls into question existing global value chain structures and the positions of countries within these chains. Second, the industrial and trade policies adopted by major economies in the field of artificial intelligence, particularly the United States, the European Union, and China, are examined comparatively. It is argued that the pursuit of technological hegemony by these economies has taken on not only an economic but also a geopolitical dimension. Third, the opportunities and threats that this transformation creates for developing economies are discussed. It is argued that artificial intelligence may erode labor cost advantages, while new windows of competitiveness may open for countries that invest early in digital infrastructure. In the concluding section, the need for coordinated and long-term policy frameworks to enable countries to adapt to the structural transformation driven by artificial intelligence is emphasized, and it is contended that trade policy, industrial policy, and digital regulations must be addressed within an integrated strategy.