Conductive polymers (CPs) have emerged as essential functional materials in the development of next-generation electrochemical sensors due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, structural flexibility, and surface modifiability. This review presents a comprehensive examination of the types, structural characteristics, and sensor integration strategies of conductive polymers, focusing particularly on their roles in enhancing analytical performance parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD). Key polymers, including polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), are discussed in detail with respect to their electrochemical properties, dopant-dependent behavior, and functionalization potential. Furthermore, the integration of CPs into hybrid systems with carbon-based nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, and biological elements is shown to significantly expand their application scope in environmental monitoring, biosensing, food safety, and medical diagnostics. Strategies such as electropolymerization, nanocomposite formulation, and surface modification are highlighted as key approaches to improve sensor performance. Despite their advantages, challenges such as long-term stability, reproducibility, and biocompatibility remain critical hurdles. The review also outlines future directions including smart multi-analyte sensors, IoT integration, green synthesis approaches, and clinical/industrial scale-up. Overall, this study underlines the transformative role of conductive polymers in advancing sustainable, high-performance, and versatile electrochemical sensor technologies.