This study analyzes the multidimensional relationship between income inequality and human rights in Russia from regional and socioeconomic perspectives. The post-Soviet market transition and rapid privatization policies led to the concentration of economic resources within a narrow elite and created pronounced interregional income disparities. Consequently, structural inequalities emerged in access to fundamental rights, including education, healthcare, fair trial, and social security. The research examines both the spatial and institutional dimensions of income distribution, demonstrating that individuals in high-income and institutionally robust regions enjoy significant advantages in exercising their rights, whereas those in low-income and geographically isolated areas face substantial restrictions. This situation represents a critical policy challenge concerning equal opportunities, social justice, and legal security. The findings underscore that income inequality is not merely an economic phenomenon but a structural factor determining citizens’ capacity to exercise fundamental rights. Social cohesion, public trust, and sustainable development are directly affected by the deepening of inequality. The study emphasizes that measures such as balanced regional investments, effective and equitable public service provision, progressive social policies, and strengthened institutional capacity play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse interplay between income inequality and human rights. This approach highlights that aligning economic growth objectives with universal and equal access to human rights is a fundamental requirement for the socioeconomic and political development of modern Russia.