Today, issues such as the conservation of biodiversity, ensuring its sustainable use, and the fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources resulting from this diversity are of paramount importance both in environmental science and international law. In this context, practices called "biopiracy" (biosmuggling), which can sometimes be ethically and legally controversial, are viewed as exploiting the potential of biodiversity. This section examines the relationship between biodiversity and biopiracy, both conceptually and through examples, and examines the international legal framework (the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol) at the relevant country level. Despite Turkey's rich biodiversity, the low number of biopiracy cases brought to justice in Turkey suggests that the problem has other dimensions. Examples of biopiracy, both from Turkey and globally, are presented, and the economic, social, and ecological impacts of these processes are discussed, with recommendations for policy and practice offered.